Owing to its rich natural resources—70% of the world’s cobalt, an essential mineral for electronics, is sourced from its mines—the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is suffering the impact of rampant exploitation. Below, a breakdown of what is happening, why, and how you can help.
Who is in charge in DRC currently?
In December 2023, the Democratic Republic of Congo’s President Felix Tshisekedi won re-election. He first came into power in 2019, following Joseph Kabila, who stepped down after 18 years in office. Kabila inherited the role when his father, the third president of Congo, Laurent-Désiré Kabila, was assassinated during the Second Congo War in 2001.
Why is the population of DRC suffering?
Armed groups vie for control of Congolese mining zones. These rebel groups violently occupy parts of Congo, killing people with impunity. Women and girls are subject to sexual violence and at risk of sexual slavery, and children are taken from school and recruited as soldiers or to work in mines. Poverty caused by the instability leads others to resort to “artisanal” mining (i.e. mining independently and trading with companies directly) to make money, often earning below minimum wage. These miners—children as well as adults—are endangered by poor safety regulations. Mines can collapse, and though exposure to the minerals is linked to health issues causing neurological, kidney, and autoimmune impairment, children often dig by hand. The soil and water is also contaminated as a result of the mining. Some miners are enslaved when they fail to provide enough ore to middlemen and dealers, or forced into labor by armed militias. Nearly seven million people have been internally displaced. This insecurity has caused the largest hunger crisis in the world, affecting 26 million people.
Who is behind it?
Neighboring countries, particularly Rwanda, according to the UN, are behind the violence. The biggest rebel group, M23, was created by Rwanda and Uganda, and is financed primarily by Rwanda. China and Western countries (particularly the United States, Belgium, and France) are also implicated in the exploitation of Congo’s resources: besides creating the conditions for its instability, they have also, as Amnesty International reports, failed to ensure that they are respecting international human rights in their global operations—including in their supply chains.
What is their vested interest?
Some neighboring countries are out to control its mining zones. For China and the West, the point is to maintain cheaper production prices for electronics. Congo is rich in natural resources: rubber, timber, oil, gas, gold, diamonds, copper, lithium, coltan, and cobalt. Sixty-three percent of the world’s cobalt production comes from the DRC alone. The latter three minerals are essential to produce electronics. China and the West (with Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the US leading) are the biggest buyers of these minerals for electronics, with several mining companies in the country. China owns and controls around 70 to 80% of the mines in the DRC. In December 2019, attorneys from a Washington, DC, law firm sued Apple, Google, Dell, Microsoft, and Tesla for their involvement in the injuries or deaths of child miners in a landmark case.
What’s the context?
Francis Lomami, a human and civic rights advocate from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, lecturer in political science and international relations at the Université Libre de Kinshasa, and a former expert in international cooperation at the Congolese Foreign Affairs Department, explains that the current conflict stems back to the first Congo War in 1996, dubbed the first African World War. After the Rwandan genocide, when one million members of the Hutu tribe fled into Congo after the Tutsis took power, Rwanda invaded Congo, arguing they needed to destroy Hutu militias. In 1998, they invaded again, and several countries with a mixture of vested interests—Uganda, Zimbabwe, Chad, Sudan, and Namibia among them—came to fight in Congo. This resulted in the deaths of at least 250,000 people. To fund these wars, Congolese leaders sold mine sites to foreigners.
Since then, rebel groups created by Rwanda have backed major insurgencies, occupied large parts of Congo, and exploited its mineral wealth. “Rwanda is benefiting from the instability in the Congo, because they can then do business around its minerals. The genocide keeps on going due to economic interests in the region,” says Lomami. “When you analyse what’s happening underneath the conflict, it is just the illegal exploitation of mines.”
Resource-rich Congo has a long history of exploitation. Belgium and France played huge roles in destabilizing the region: when it was colonized by Belgium from 1908, King Leopold II was “sole owner” of Congo and implemented a rule of terror for its rubber. He halved the population there and made today’s equivalent of more than a billion dollars.
