A moon lander built by the Houston-based aerospace company Intuitive Machines was launched from Florida early on Thursday on a mission to conduct the first US lunar touchdown in more than a half century and the first by a privately owned spacecraft.
The Nova-C lander, nicknamed Odysseus, lifted off shortly after 1am EST atop a Falcon 9 rocket flown by Elon Musk’s SpaceX from Nasa’s Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral.
A live Nasa-SpaceX online video feed showed the two-stage, 25-storey rocket roaring off the launchpad and streaking into the dark sky over Florida’s Atlantic coast trailed by a fiery yellowish plume of exhaust.
The launch, previously set for Wednesday morning, was postponed for 24 hours because of irregular temperatures detected in liquid methane used in the lander’s propulsion system. SpaceX said the problem was later resolved.
Although considered an Intuitive Machines mission, the IM-1 flight is carrying six Nasa payloads of instruments designed to gather data about the lunar environment before Nasa’s planned return of astronauts to the moon this decade.
Thursday’s launch came a month after the lunar lander of another private firm, Astrobotic Technology, had a propulsion system leak on its way to the moon shortly after being placed in orbit on 8 January by a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Vulcan rocket making its debut flight.
The failure of Astrobotic’s Peregrine lander, which was also flying Nasa payloads to the moon, marked the third time a private company had been unable to achieve a “soft landing” on the lunar surface, after ill-fated efforts by companies from Israel and Japan.
Those mishaps illustrated the risks Nasa faces in leaning more heavily on the commercial sector than it had in the past to realise its spaceflight goals.
Plans call for Intuitive Machines’ Nova-C vehicle, a hexagonal cylinder with six legs, to reach its destination after about a weeklong flight for a landing at crater Malapert A, near the moon’s south pole on 22 February.
If successful, the flight would represent the first controlled descent to the lunar surface by a US spacecraft since the final Apollo crewed moon mission in 1972, and the first by a private company.
It would also mark the first journey to the lunar surface under Nasa’s Artemis moon programme, as the US races to return astronauts to Earth’s natural satellite before China lands its own crewed spacecraft there.
IM-1 is the latest test of Nasa’s strategy of paying for the use of spacecraft built and owned by private companies to reduce the cost of the Artemis missions, envisioned as precursors to human exploration of Mars.
During the Apollo era Nasa bought rockets and other technology from the private sector but owned and operated them itself.
Nasa announced last month that it was delaying its target date for a first crewed Artemis moon landing from 2025 to late 2026, while China has said it is aiming for 2030.
Small landers such as Nova-C are expected to get there first, carrying instruments to closely survey the lunar landscape, its resources and potential hazards. Odysseus will focus on space weather interactions with the moon’s surface, radio astronomy, precision landing technologies and navigation.
Intuitive Machine’s IM-2 mission is scheduled to land at the lunar south pole in 2024, followed by an IM-3 mission later in the year with several small rovers.
Last month Japan became the fifth country to place a lander on the moon, with its space agency Jaxa achieving an unusually precise “pinpoint” touchdown of its Slim probe. India became the fourth country to land on the moon last year, after Russia failed in an attempt in the same month.
The US, the former Soviet Union and China are the only other countries that have carried out successful soft lunar touchdowns. In 2019 China achieved the first landing on the far side of the moon.
